Packaging of food products protects them from spoilage and also improves the overall aesthetic appeal of the products. Retort packaging is a heat-resistant pack used for food and beverages packaging. Healthcare packaging, which is laminated inside with multiple layers of flexible plastic and metal foils, can withstand high temperatures and pressures. The multiple layers consist of aluminum foil, nylon, and polyethylene terephthalate (PET), which are made up of materials like polypropylene, aluminum, and silica oxide that act as oxygen and water vapor barrier.
The Asia-pacific region accounted for the highest share of the total market value, followed by Europe and North America due to changing lifestyle, increasing disposable income, extensive growth in population, and growth in the packaged food industry. The retort packaging market is well established in developed countries. The market in developing economies, such as China and India are estimated to grow at a higher rate from 2018 to 2023.
The global Retort Packaging market is valued at xx million US$ in 2018 is expected to reach xx million US$ by the end of 2025, growing at a CAGR of xx% during 2019-2025.
This report focuses on Retort Packaging volume and value at global level, regional level and company level. From a global perspective, this report represents overall Retort Packaging market size by analyzing historical data and future prospect. Regionally, this report focuses on several key regions: North America, Europe, China and Japan.
At company level, this report focuses on the production capacity, ex-factory price, revenue and market share for each manufacturer covered in this report.
The following manufacturers are covered:
Amcor
Berry Plastics
Mondi
Otsuka
Sonoco Products
Astrapak
Bemis
Clondalkin Industries
Coveris
Tredegar
Flair Flexible Packaging
Winpak
Segment by Regions
North America
Europe
China
Japan
Segment by Type
Pouches
Trays
Cartons
Segment by Application
Food
Beverage
Healthcare
Personal care
Table of Contents
Executive Summary
1 Retort Packaging Market Overview
1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Retort Packaging
1.2 Retort Packaging Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Retort Packaging Production Growth Rate Comparison by Type (2014-2025)
1.2.2 Pouches
1.2.3 Trays
1.2.4 Cartons
1.3 Retort Packaging Segment by Application
1.3.1 Retort Packaging Consumption Comparison by Application (2014-2025)
1.3.2 Food
1.3.3 Beverage
1.3.4 Healthcare
1.3.5 Personal care
1.4 Global Retort Packaging Market by Region
1.4.1 Global Retort Packaging Market Size Region
1.4.2 North America Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.3 Europe Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.4 China Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.5 Japan Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.5 Global Retort Packaging Market Size
1.5.1 Global Retort Packaging Revenue (2014-2025)
1.5.2 Global Retort Packaging Production (2014-2025)
2 Global Retort Packaging Market Competition by Manufacturers
2.1 Global Retort Packaging Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
2.2 Global Retort Packaging Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
2.3 Global Retort Packaging Average Price by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
2.4 Manufacturers Retort Packaging Production Sites, Area Served, Product Types
2.5 Retort Packaging Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.5.1 Retort Packaging Market Concentration Rate
2.5.2 Retort Packaging Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Manufacturers
2.5.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
3 Global Retort Packaging Production Market Share by Regions
3.1 Global Retort Packaging Production Market Share by Regions
3.2 Global Retort Packaging Revenue Market Share by Regions (2014-2019)
3.3 Global Retort Packaging Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
3.4 North America Retort Packaging Production
3.4.1 North America Retort Packaging Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
3.4.2 North America Retort Packaging Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
3.5 Europe Retort Packaging Production
3.5.1 Europe Retort Packaging Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
3.5.2 Europe Retort Packaging Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
3.6 China Retort Packaging Production (2014-2019)
3.6.1 China Retort Packaging Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
3.6.2 China Retort Packaging Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
3.7 Japan Retort Packaging Production (2014-2019)
3.7.1 Japan Retort Packaging Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
3.7.2 Japan Retort Packaging Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
4 Global Retort Packaging Consumption by Regions
4.1 Global Retort Packaging Consumption by Regions
4.2 North America Retort Packaging Consumption (2014-2019)
4.3 Europe Retort Packaging Consumption (2014-2019)
4.4 China Retort Packaging Consumption (2014-2019)
4.5 Japan Retort Packaging Consumption (2014-2019)
5 Global Retort Packaging Production, Revenue, Price Trend by Type
5.1 Global Retort Packaging Production Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
5.2 Global Retort Packaging Revenue Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
5.3 Global Retort Packaging Price by Type (2014-2019)
5.4 Global Retort Packaging Production Growth by Type (2014-2019)
6 Global Retort Packaging Market Analysis by Applications
6.1 Global Retort Packaging Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
6.2 Global Retort Packaging Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2014-2019)
7 Company Profiles and Key Figures in Retort Packaging Business
7.1 Amcor
7.1.1 Amcor Retort Packaging Production Sites and Area Served
7.1.2 Retort Packaging Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.1.3 Amcor Retort Packaging Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.1.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.2 Berry Plastics
7.2.1 Berry Plastics Retort Packaging Production Sites and Area Served
7.2.2 Retort Packaging Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.2.3 Berry Plastics Retort Packaging Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.2.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.3 Mondi
7.3.1 Mondi Retort Packaging Production Sites and Area Served
7.3.2 Retort Packaging Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.3.3 Mondi Retort Packaging Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.3.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.4 Otsuka
7.4.1 Otsuka Retort Packaging Production Sites and Area Served
7.4.2 Retort Packaging Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.4.3 Otsuka Retort Packaging Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.4.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.5 Sonoco Products
7.5.1 Sonoco Products Retort Packaging Production Sites and Area Served
7.5.2 Retort Packaging Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.5.3 Sonoco Products Retort Packaging Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.5.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.6 Astrapak
7.6.1 Astrapak Retort Packaging Production Sites and Area Served
7.6.2 Retort Packaging Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.6.3 Astrapak Retort Packaging Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.6.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.7 Bemis
7.7.1 Bemis Retort Packaging Production Sites and Area Served
7.7.2 Retort Packaging Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.7.3 Bemis Retort Packaging Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.7.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.8 Clondalkin Industries
7.8.1 Clondalkin Industries Retort Packaging Production Sites and Area Served
7.8.2 Retort Packaging Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.8.3 Clondalkin Industries Retort Packaging Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.8.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.9 Coveris
7.9.1 Coveris Retort Packaging Production Sites and Area Served
7.9.2 Retort Packaging Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.9.3 Coveris Retort Packaging Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.9.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.10 Tredegar
7.10.1 Tredegar Retort Packaging Production Sites and Area Served
7.10.2 Retort Packaging Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.10.3 Tredegar Retort Packaging Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.10.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.11 Flair Flexible Packaging
7.12 Winpak
8 Retort Packaging Manufacturing Cost Analysis
8.1 Retort Packaging Key Raw Materials Analysis
8.1.1 Key Raw Materials
8.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
8.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
8.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
8.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Retort Packaging
8.4 Retort Packaging Industrial Chain Analysis
9 Marketing Channel, Distributors and Customers
9.1 Marketing Channel
9.1.1 Direct Marketing
9.1.2 Indirect Marketing
9.2 Retort Packaging Distributors List
9.3 Retort Packaging Customers
10 Market Dynamics
10.1 Market Trends
10.2 Opportunities
10.3 Market Drivers
10.4 Challenges
10.5 Influence Factors
11 Global Retort Packaging Market Forecast
11.1 Global Retort Packaging Production, Revenue Forecast
11.1.1 Global Retort Packaging Production Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
11.1.2 Global Retort Packaging Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
11.1.3 Global Retort Packaging Price and Trend Forecast (2019-2025)
11.2 Global Retort Packaging Production Forecast by Regions (2019-2025)
11.2.1 North America Retort Packaging Production, Revenue Forecast (2019-2025)
11.2.2 Europe Retort Packaging Production, Revenue Forecast (2019-2025)
11.2.3 China Retort Packaging Production, Revenue Forecast (2019-2025)
11.2.4 Japan Retort Packaging Production, Revenue Forecast (2019-2025)
11.3 Global Retort Packaging Consumption Forecast by Regions (2019-2025)
11.3.1 North America Retort Packaging Consumption Forecast (2019-2025)
11.3.2 Europe Retort Packaging Consumption Forecast (2019-2025)
11.3.3 China Retort Packaging Consumption Forecast (2019-2025)
11.3.4 Japan Retort Packaging Consumption Forecast (2019-2025)
11.4 Global Retort Packaging Production, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2019-2025)
11.5 Global Retort Packaging Consumption Forecast by Application (2019-2025)
12 Research Findings and Conclusion
13 Methodology and Data Source
13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
13.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Author List
13.4 Disclaimer
List of Tables and Figures
Figure Picture of Retort Packaging
Table Global Retort Packaging Production (K Units) Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2014-2025)
Figure Global Retort Packaging Production Market Share by Types in 2018
Figure Pouches Product Picture
Table Pouches Major Manufacturers
Figure Trays Product Picture
Table Trays Major Manufacturers
Figure Cartons Product Picture
Table Cartons Major Manufacturers
Table Global Retort Packaging Consumption (K Units) Comparison by Applications (2014-2025)
Figure Global Retort Packaging Consumption Market Share by Applications in 2018
Figure Food
Figure Beverage
Figure Healthcare
Figure Personal care
Table Retort Packaging Market Size (Million US$) Comparison by Regions (2014-2025)
Figure North America Retort Packaging Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2014-2025)
Figure Europe Retort Packaging Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2014-2025)
Figure China Retort Packaging Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2014-2025)
Figure Japan Retort Packaging Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2014-2025)
Figure Global Retort Packaging Revenue (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Global Retort Packaging Production (K Units) (2014-2025)
Table Global Retort Packaging Production (K Units) of Key Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Global Retort Packaging Production Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Retort Packaging Production Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Global Retort Packaging Revenue (Million USD) by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Global Retort Packaging Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Global Retort Packaging Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Global Market Retort Packaging Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Global Market Retort Packaging Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Manufacturers in 2018
Table Manufacturers Retort Packaging Production Sites and Area Served
Table Manufacturers Retort Packaging Product Types
Figure Retort Packaging Market Share of Top 5 Manufacturers
Figure Retort Packaging Market Share of Top 10 Manufacturers
Table Global Retort Packaging Production (K Units) by Region (2014-2019)
Table Global Retort Packaging Production Market Share by Region (2014-2019)
Figure Global Retort Packaging Production Market Share by Region (2014-2019)
Figure Global Retort Packaging Production Market Share by Region in 2018
Table Global Retort Packaging Revenue (Million USD) by Region (2014-2019)
Table Global Retort Packaging Revenue Market Share by Region (2014-2019)
Figure Global Retort Packaging Revenue Market Share by Region (2014-2019)
Figure Global Retort Packaging Revenue Market Share by Region in 2018
Figure Global Retort Packaging Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Global Retort Packaging Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure North America Retort Packaging Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table North America Retort Packaging Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Europe Retort Packaging Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Europe Retort Packaging Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure China Retort Packaging Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table China Retort Packaging Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Japan Retort Packaging Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Japan Retort Packaging Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Global Retort Packaging Consumption (K Units) Market by Region (2014-2019)
Table Global Retort Packaging Consumption Market Share by Region (2014-2019)
Figure Global Retort Packaging Consumption Market Share by Region (2014-2019)
Figure Global Retort Packaging Consumption Market Share by Region in 2018
Figure North America Retort Packaging Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Europe Retort Packaging Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure China Retort Packaging Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Japan Retort Packaging Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Retort Packaging Production (K Units) by Type (2014-2019)
Table Global Retort Packaging Production Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Production Market Share of Retort Packaging by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Production Market Share of Retort Packaging by Type in 2018
Table Global Retort Packaging Revenue (Million USD) by Type (2014-2019)
Table Global Retort Packaging Revenue Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Revenue Share of Retort Packaging by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Retort Packaging by Type in 2018
Table Global Retort Packaging Price (USD/Unit) by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Retort Packaging Production Growth by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Retort Packaging Consumption (K Units) by Application (2014-2019)
Table Global Retort Packaging Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Retort Packaging Consumption Market Share by Applications (2014-2019)
Figure Global Retort Packaging Consumption Market Share by Application in 2018
Table Global Retort Packaging Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Retort Packaging Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2014-2019)
Table Amcor Retort Packaging Production Sites and Area Served
Table Amcor Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Amcor Retort Packaging Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Amcor Retort Packaging Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Amcor Retort Packaging Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Amcor Retort Packaging Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Amcor Main Business and Markets Served
Table Berry Plastics Retort Packaging Production Sites and Area Served
Table Berry Plastics Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Berry Plastics Retort Packaging Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Berry Plastics Retort Packaging Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Berry Plastics Retort Packaging Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Berry Plastics Retort Packaging Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Berry Plastics Main Business and Markets Served
Table Mondi Retort Packaging Production Sites and Area Served
Table Mondi Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Mondi Retort Packaging Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Mondi Retort Packaging Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Mondi Retort Packaging Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Mondi Retort Packaging Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Mondi Main Business and Markets Served
Table Otsuka Retort Packaging Production Sites and Area Served
Table Otsuka Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Otsuka Retort Packaging Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Otsuka Retort Packaging Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Otsuka Retort Packaging Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Otsuka Retort Packaging Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Otsuka Main Business and Markets Served
Table Sonoco Products Retort Packaging Production Sites and Area Served
Table Sonoco Products Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Sonoco Products Retort Packaging Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Sonoco Products Retort Packaging Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Sonoco Products Retort Packaging Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Sonoco Products Retort Packaging Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Sonoco Products Main Business and Markets Served
Table Astrapak Retort Packaging Production Sites and Area Served
Table Astrapak Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Astrapak Retort Packaging Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Astrapak Retort Packaging Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Astrapak Retort Packaging Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Astrapak Retort Packaging Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Astrapak Main Business and Markets Served
Table Bemis Retort Packaging Production Sites and Area Served
Table Bemis Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Bemis Retort Packaging Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Bemis Retort Packaging Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Bemis Retort Packaging Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Bemis Retort Packaging Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Bemis Main Business and Markets Served
Table Clondalkin Industries Retort Packaging Production Sites and Area Served
Table Clondalkin Industries Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Clondalkin Industries Retort Packaging Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Clondalkin Industries Retort Packaging Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Clondalkin Industries Retort Packaging Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Clondalkin Industries Retort Packaging Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Clondalkin Industries Main Business and Markets Served
Table Coveris Retort Packaging Production Sites and Area Served
Table Coveris Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Coveris Retort Packaging Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Coveris Retort Packaging Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Coveris Retort Packaging Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Coveris Retort Packaging Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Coveris Main Business and Markets Served
Table Tredegar Retort Packaging Production Sites and Area Served
Table Tredegar Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Tredegar Retort Packaging Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Tredegar Retort Packaging Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Tredegar Retort Packaging Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Tredegar Retort Packaging Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Tredegar Main Business and Markets Served
Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Retort Packaging
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Retort Packaging
Figure Retort Packaging Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Retort Packaging Distributors List
Table Retort Packaging Customers List
Table Market Key Trends
Table Key Opportunities
Table Market Key Drivers
Table Key Challenges
Table Key Influence Factors
Figure Global Retort Packaging Production (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Global Retort Packaging Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Global Retort Packaging Price and Trend Forecast (2019-2025)
Table Global Retort Packaging Production (K Units) Forecast by Region (2019-2025)
Figure Global Retort Packaging Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2019-2025)
Figure North America Retort Packaging Production (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure North America Retort Packaging Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Europe Retort Packaging Production (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Europe Retort Packaging Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure China Retort Packaging Production (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure China Retort Packaging Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Japan Retort Packaging Production (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Japan Retort Packaging Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Table Global Retort Packaging Consumption (K Units) Forecast by Regions (2019-2025)
Figure Global Retort Packaging Consumption Market Share Forecast by Regions (2019-2025)
Figure North America Retort Packaging Consumption (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Europe Retort Packaging Consumption (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure China Retort Packaging Consumption (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Japan Retort Packaging Consumption (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Table Global Retort Packaging Production (K Units) Forecast by Type (2019-2025)
Figure Global Retort Packaging Production (K Units) Forecast by Type (2019-2025)
Table Global Retort Packaging Revenue (Million USD) Forecast by Type (2019-2025)
Figure Global Retort Packaging Revenue Market Share Forecast by Type (2019-2025)
Table Global Retort Packaging Price (USD/Unit) Forecast by Type (2019-2025)
Table Global Retort Packaging Consumption (K Units) Forecast by Application (2019-2025)
Figure Global Retort Packaging Consumption Forecast by Application (2019-2025)
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources