A solid oxide fuel cell (or SOFC) is an electrochemical conversion device that produces electricity directly from oxidizing a fuel. Fuel cells are characterized by their electrolyte material; the SOFC has a solid oxide or ceramic electrolyte. Advantages of this class of fuel cells include high efficiency, long-term stability, fuel flexibility, low emissions, and relatively low cost. The largest disadvantage is the high operating temperature which results in longer start-up times and mechanical and chemical compatibility issues.
Solid oxide fuel cells are emission free power sources, which run on electrochemical conversion reactions. SOFC use ceramic electrolytes that are hard and non-porous in nature. As the electrolyte is a solid, the cells are not necessarily constructed in a plate-like configuration as seen in other fuel cell types. Electrical efficiency provided is around 50% to 60%. In applications designed to capture and utilize the system's waste heat (cogeneration), the overall fuel use efficiency could top 80% to 85% and operate at very high temperatures of around 1,000°C (1,830°F). The unique properties of solid oxide fuel cell such as portability, long-term stability, easy fuel selection, and emission-free power serve this requirement. These cells have vast applications, with military applications expecting the highest growth. Planar SOFC has been identified to be the dominating fuel cell in the market for its versatility. Asia-Pacific is the leading market for SOFC with Japan and South Korea dominating the region.
The overall solid oxide fuel cells market is still in its nascent stage with existence of several untapped applications. The most prominent concern for the industry growth is the high cost of manufacturing and elongated time for charging up. SOFCs are extensively being used for power generation as it acts a clean source of energy. Due to their higher efficiency as compared to other fuel cells, SOFCs stand the most lucrative chance for further development in the coming years. Subsequently, the market has emerged highly dynamic over the period of time. Some of the major companies operating in the market include Bloom Energy,FuelCell Energy, Aisin Seiki, Siemens Energy, Protonex, LG Chem and others.
Categorization on the basis of technology includes tubular, planar and other SOFCs. Planar SOFC have the largest market demand on account of higher power ratio as compared to other SOFCs, despite high installation costs. Planar SOFC has the highest electrical efficiency that allows great potential for applications in military, leading to higher demand in the aforementioned application. Further segmentation on the basis of application includes transportation, military and portable energy purposes, as well as small & large stationery. Major SOFC application lies in military on account of portability and compact nature of these fuel cells. Power output is also higher and easier to achieve than other conventional solar cells, which is expected to positively impact the SOFC growth market during the forecast period.
The global SOFC market is valued at xx million US$ in 2018 is expected to reach xx million US$ by the end of 2025, growing at a CAGR of xx% during 2019-2025.
This report focuses on SOFC volume and value at global level, regional level and company level. From a global perspective, this report represents overall SOFC market size by analyzing historical data and future prospect. Regionally, this report focuses on several key regions: North America, Europe, China and Japan.
At company level, this report focuses on the production capacity, ex-factory price, revenue and market share for each manufacturer covered in this report.
The following manufacturers are covered:
Bloom Energy
FuelCell Energy
Aisin Seiki
Siemens Energy
Protonex
LG Fuel Cell Systems
Acumentrics
Delphi Corp
ZTEK Corporation
Redox Power Systems
Segment by Regions
North America
Europe
China
Japan
Segment by Type
Planar
Tubular
Other
Segment by Application
Stationary
Transportation
Portable & Military
Table of Contents
Executive Summary
1 SOFC Market Overview
1.1 Product Overview and Scope of SOFC
1.2 SOFC Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global SOFC Production Growth Rate Comparison by Type (2014-2025)
1.2.2 Planar
1.2.3 Tubular
1.2.4 Other
1.3 SOFC Segment by Application
1.3.1 SOFC Consumption Comparison by Application (2014-2025)
1.3.2 Stationary
1.3.3 Transportation
1.3.4 Portable & Military
1.4 Global SOFC Market by Region
1.4.1 Global SOFC Market Size Region
1.4.2 North America Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.3 Europe Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.4 China Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.5 Japan Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.5 Global SOFC Market Size
1.5.1 Global SOFC Revenue (2014-2025)
1.5.2 Global SOFC Production (2014-2025)
2 Global SOFC Market Competition by Manufacturers
2.1 Global SOFC Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
2.2 Global SOFC Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
2.3 Global SOFC Average Price by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
2.4 Manufacturers SOFC Production Sites, Area Served, Product Types
2.5 SOFC Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.5.1 SOFC Market Concentration Rate
2.5.2 SOFC Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Manufacturers
2.5.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
3 Global SOFC Production Market Share by Regions
3.1 Global SOFC Production Market Share by Regions
3.2 Global SOFC Revenue Market Share by Regions (2014-2019)
3.3 Global SOFC Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
3.4 North America SOFC Production
3.4.1 North America SOFC Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
3.4.2 North America SOFC Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
3.5 Europe SOFC Production
3.5.1 Europe SOFC Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
3.5.2 Europe SOFC Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
3.6 China SOFC Production (2014-2019)
3.6.1 China SOFC Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
3.6.2 China SOFC Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
3.7 Japan SOFC Production (2014-2019)
3.7.1 Japan SOFC Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
3.7.2 Japan SOFC Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
4 Global SOFC Consumption by Regions
4.1 Global SOFC Consumption by Regions
4.2 North America SOFC Consumption (2014-2019)
4.3 Europe SOFC Consumption (2014-2019)
4.4 China SOFC Consumption (2014-2019)
4.5 Japan SOFC Consumption (2014-2019)
5 Global SOFC Production, Revenue, Price Trend by Type
5.1 Global SOFC Production Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
5.2 Global SOFC Revenue Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
5.3 Global SOFC Price by Type (2014-2019)
5.4 Global SOFC Production Growth by Type (2014-2019)
6 Global SOFC Market Analysis by Applications
6.1 Global SOFC Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
6.2 Global SOFC Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2014-2019)
7 Company Profiles and Key Figures in SOFC Business
7.1 Bloom Energy
7.1.1 Bloom Energy SOFC Production Sites and Area Served
7.1.2 SOFC Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.1.3 Bloom Energy SOFC Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.1.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.2 FuelCell Energy
7.2.1 FuelCell Energy SOFC Production Sites and Area Served
7.2.2 SOFC Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.2.3 FuelCell Energy SOFC Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.2.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.3 Aisin Seiki
7.3.1 Aisin Seiki SOFC Production Sites and Area Served
7.3.2 SOFC Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.3.3 Aisin Seiki SOFC Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.3.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.4 Siemens Energy
7.4.1 Siemens Energy SOFC Production Sites and Area Served
7.4.2 SOFC Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.4.3 Siemens Energy SOFC Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.4.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.5 Protonex
7.5.1 Protonex SOFC Production Sites and Area Served
7.5.2 SOFC Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.5.3 Protonex SOFC Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.5.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.6 LG Fuel Cell Systems
7.6.1 LG Fuel Cell Systems SOFC Production Sites and Area Served
7.6.2 SOFC Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.6.3 LG Fuel Cell Systems SOFC Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.6.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.7 Acumentrics
7.7.1 Acumentrics SOFC Production Sites and Area Served
7.7.2 SOFC Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.7.3 Acumentrics SOFC Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.7.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.8 Delphi Corp
7.8.1 Delphi Corp SOFC Production Sites and Area Served
7.8.2 SOFC Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.8.3 Delphi Corp SOFC Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.8.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.9 ZTEK Corporation
7.9.1 ZTEK Corporation SOFC Production Sites and Area Served
7.9.2 SOFC Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.9.3 ZTEK Corporation SOFC Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.9.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.10 Redox Power Systems
7.10.1 Redox Power Systems SOFC Production Sites and Area Served
7.10.2 SOFC Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.10.3 Redox Power Systems SOFC Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.10.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8 SOFC Manufacturing Cost Analysis
8.1 SOFC Key Raw Materials Analysis
8.1.1 Key Raw Materials
8.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
8.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
8.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
8.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of SOFC
8.4 SOFC Industrial Chain Analysis
9 Marketing Channel, Distributors and Customers
9.1 Marketing Channel
9.1.1 Direct Marketing
9.1.2 Indirect Marketing
9.2 SOFC Distributors List
9.3 SOFC Customers
10 Market Dynamics
10.1 Market Trends
10.2 Opportunities
10.3 Market Drivers
10.4 Challenges
10.5 Influence Factors
11 Global SOFC Market Forecast
11.1 Global SOFC Production, Revenue Forecast
11.1.1 Global SOFC Production Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
11.1.2 Global SOFC Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
11.1.3 Global SOFC Price and Trend Forecast (2019-2025)
11.2 Global SOFC Production Forecast by Regions (2019-2025)
11.2.1 North America SOFC Production, Revenue Forecast (2019-2025)
11.2.2 Europe SOFC Production, Revenue Forecast (2019-2025)
11.2.3 China SOFC Production, Revenue Forecast (2019-2025)
11.2.4 Japan SOFC Production, Revenue Forecast (2019-2025)
11.3 Global SOFC Consumption Forecast by Regions (2019-2025)
11.3.1 North America SOFC Consumption Forecast (2019-2025)
11.3.2 Europe SOFC Consumption Forecast (2019-2025)
11.3.3 China SOFC Consumption Forecast (2019-2025)
11.3.4 Japan SOFC Consumption Forecast (2019-2025)
11.4 Global SOFC Production, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2019-2025)
11.5 Global SOFC Consumption Forecast by Application (2019-2025)
12 Research Findings and Conclusion
13 Methodology and Data Source
13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
13.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Author List
13.4 Disclaimer
List of Tables and Figures
Figure Picture of SOFC
Table Global SOFC Production (MW) Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2014-2025)
Figure Global SOFC Production Market Share by Types in 2018
Figure Planar Product Picture
Table Planar Major Manufacturers
Figure Tubular Product Picture
Table Tubular Major Manufacturers
Figure Other Product Picture
Table Other Major Manufacturers
Table Global SOFC Consumption (MW) Comparison by Applications (2014-2025)
Figure Global SOFC Consumption Market Share by Applications in 2018
Figure Stationary
Figure Transportation
Figure Portable & Military
Table SOFC Market Size (Million US$) Comparison by Regions (2014-2025)
Figure North America SOFC Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2014-2025)
Figure Europe SOFC Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2014-2025)
Figure China SOFC Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2014-2025)
Figure Japan SOFC Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2014-2025)
Figure Global SOFC Revenue (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Global SOFC Production (MW) (2014-2025)
Table Global SOFC Production (MW) of Key Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Global SOFC Production Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure SOFC Production Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Global SOFC Revenue (Million USD) by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Global SOFC Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Global SOFC Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Global Market SOFC Average Price (USD/KW) of Key Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Global Market SOFC Average Price (USD/KW) of Key Manufacturers in 2018
Table Manufacturers SOFC Production Sites and Area Served
Table Manufacturers SOFC Product Types
Figure SOFC Market Share of Top 5 Manufacturers
Figure SOFC Market Share of Top 10 Manufacturers
Table Global SOFC Production (MW) by Region (2014-2019)
Table Global SOFC Production Market Share by Region (2014-2019)
Figure Global SOFC Production Market Share by Region (2014-2019)
Figure Global SOFC Production Market Share by Region in 2018
Table Global SOFC Revenue (Million USD) by Region (2014-2019)
Table Global SOFC Revenue Market Share by Region (2014-2019)
Figure Global SOFC Revenue Market Share by Region (2014-2019)
Figure Global SOFC Revenue Market Share by Region in 2018
Figure Global SOFC Production (MW) Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Global SOFC Production (MW), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/KW) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure North America SOFC Production (MW) Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table North America SOFC Production (MW), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/KW) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Europe SOFC Production (MW) Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Europe SOFC Production (MW), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/KW) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure China SOFC Production (MW) Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table China SOFC Production (MW), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/KW) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Japan SOFC Production (MW) Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Japan SOFC Production (MW), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/KW) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Global SOFC Consumption (MW) Market by Region (2014-2019)
Table Global SOFC Consumption Market Share by Region (2014-2019)
Figure Global SOFC Consumption Market Share by Region (2014-2019)
Figure Global SOFC Consumption Market Share by Region in 2018
Figure North America SOFC Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (MW)
Figure Europe SOFC Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (MW)
Figure China SOFC Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (MW)
Figure Japan SOFC Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (MW)
Table Global SOFC Production (MW) by Type (2014-2019)
Table Global SOFC Production Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Production Market Share of SOFC by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Production Market Share of SOFC by Type in 2018
Table Global SOFC Revenue (Million USD) by Type (2014-2019)
Table Global SOFC Revenue Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Revenue Share of SOFC by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Revenue Market Share of SOFC by Type in 2018
Table Global SOFC Price (USD/KW) by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global SOFC Production Growth by Type (2014-2019) (MW)
Table Global SOFC Consumption (MW) by Application (2014-2019)
Table Global SOFC Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global SOFC Consumption Market Share by Applications (2014-2019)
Figure Global SOFC Consumption Market Share by Application in 2018
Table Global SOFC Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global SOFC Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2014-2019)
Table Bloom Energy SOFC Production Sites and Area Served
Table Bloom Energy Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Bloom Energy SOFC Production (MW), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/KW) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Bloom Energy SOFC Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Bloom Energy SOFC Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Bloom Energy SOFC Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Bloom Energy Main Business and Markets Served
Table FuelCell Energy SOFC Production Sites and Area Served
Table FuelCell Energy Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table FuelCell Energy SOFC Production (MW), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/KW) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure FuelCell Energy SOFC Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure FuelCell Energy SOFC Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure FuelCell Energy SOFC Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table FuelCell Energy Main Business and Markets Served
Table Aisin Seiki SOFC Production Sites and Area Served
Table Aisin Seiki Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Aisin Seiki SOFC Production (MW), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/KW) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Aisin Seiki SOFC Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Aisin Seiki SOFC Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Aisin Seiki SOFC Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Aisin Seiki Main Business and Markets Served
Table Siemens Energy SOFC Production Sites and Area Served
Table Siemens Energy Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Siemens Energy SOFC Production (MW), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/KW) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Siemens Energy SOFC Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Siemens Energy SOFC Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Siemens Energy SOFC Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Siemens Energy Main Business and Markets Served
Table Protonex SOFC Production Sites and Area Served
Table Protonex Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Protonex SOFC Production (MW), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/KW) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Protonex SOFC Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Protonex SOFC Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Protonex SOFC Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Protonex Main Business and Markets Served
Table LG Fuel Cell Systems SOFC Production Sites and Area Served
Table LG Fuel Cell Systems Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table LG Fuel Cell Systems SOFC Production (MW), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/KW) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure LG Fuel Cell Systems SOFC Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure LG Fuel Cell Systems SOFC Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure LG Fuel Cell Systems SOFC Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table LG Fuel Cell Systems Main Business and Markets Served
Table Acumentrics SOFC Production Sites and Area Served
Table Acumentrics Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Acumentrics SOFC Production (MW), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/KW) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Acumentrics SOFC Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Acumentrics SOFC Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Acumentrics SOFC Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Acumentrics Main Business and Markets Served
Table Delphi Corp SOFC Production Sites and Area Served
Table Delphi Corp Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Delphi Corp SOFC Production (MW), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/KW) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Delphi Corp SOFC Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Delphi Corp SOFC Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Delphi Corp SOFC Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Delphi Corp Main Business and Markets Served
Table ZTEK Corporation SOFC Production Sites and Area Served
Table ZTEK Corporation Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table ZTEK Corporation SOFC Production (MW), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/KW) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure ZTEK Corporation SOFC Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure ZTEK Corporation SOFC Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure ZTEK Corporation SOFC Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table ZTEK Corporation Main Business and Markets Served
Table Redox Power Systems SOFC Production Sites and Area Served
Table Redox Power Systems Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Redox Power Systems SOFC Production (MW), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/KW) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Redox Power Systems SOFC Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Redox Power Systems SOFC Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Redox Power Systems SOFC Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Redox Power Systems Main Business and Markets Served
Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of SOFC
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of SOFC
Figure SOFC Industrial Chain Analysis
Table SOFC Distributors List
Table SOFC Customers List
Table Market Key Trends
Table Key Opportunities
Table Market Key Drivers
Table Key Challenges
Table Key Influence Factors
Figure Global SOFC Production (MW) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Global SOFC Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Global SOFC Price and Trend Forecast (2019-2025)
Table Global SOFC Production (MW) Forecast by Region (2019-2025)
Figure Global SOFC Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2019-2025)
Figure North America SOFC Production (MW) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure North America SOFC Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Europe SOFC Production (MW) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Europe SOFC Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure China SOFC Production (MW) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure China SOFC Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Japan SOFC Production (MW) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Japan SOFC Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Table Global SOFC Consumption (MW) Forecast by Regions (2019-2025)
Figure Global SOFC Consumption Market Share Forecast by Regions (2019-2025)
Figure North America SOFC Consumption (MW) Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Europe SOFC Consumption (MW) Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure China SOFC Consumption (MW) Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Japan SOFC Consumption (MW) Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Table Global SOFC Production (MW) Forecast by Type (2019-2025)
Figure Global SOFC Production (MW) Forecast by Type (2019-2025)
Table Global SOFC Revenue (Million USD) Forecast by Type (2019-2025)
Figure Global SOFC Revenue Market Share Forecast by Type (2019-2025)
Table Global SOFC Price (USD/KW) Forecast by Type (2019-2025)
Table Global SOFC Consumption (MW) Forecast by Application (2019-2025)
Figure Global SOFC Consumption Forecast by Application (2019-2025)
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources
